1979 Atlantic hurricane season

1979 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
First storm formed June 9, 1979
Last storm dissipated November 15, 1979
Strongest storm David – 924 mbar (hPa) (27.3 inHg), 175 mph (280 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
Total storms 9
Hurricanes 5
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) 2
Total fatalities 2118
Total damage $4.27 billion (1979 USD)
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981

The 1979 Atlantic hurricane season was the first in which the Atlantic hurricane naming list included both male and female names. It officially began on June 1 and lasted until November 30, and there was tropical cyclone activity in every month. The dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. Hurricane Frederic hit 4 countries and 2 states.

The most notable storm of 1979 was Hurricane David, a Category 5 storm on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale that killed over 2,000 people, mostly in the Dominican Republic, and caused nearly 1.5 billion dollars in damage (1979 USD). Hurricane Frederic, which caused $2.3 billion (1979 US dollars and became the most expensive hurricane in United States history when it made landfall near the border between Mississippi and Alabama.

Contents

Season summary


The 1979 season was an average but destructive season with 27 depressions, with nine reaching tropical storm strength. The notable cyclones include Tropical Depression One which caused one of Jamaica's worst natural disasters. Tropical Storm Claudette became one of the most destructive tropical storms of all time and created a 24-hour rainfall record for the United States. Hurricane David peaked at Category 5 status becoming the first hurricane of such strength to make landfall directly in the Dominican Republic, killing over 2,000 people. Hurricane Frederic became a weak Category 4 hurricane with winds of 135 mph (217 km/h), causing over $4–8 billion dollars in damage (2005 USD) to some of the same areas impacted by Hurricane David. Hurricane Henri formed in Mid-September in the Gulf of Mexico and never made landfall, which is a rare occurrence. Damage for the whole season totaled out to $4.27 billion (1979 USD).[1]

The season's activity was reflected with a cumulative accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 93.[2] ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. Subtropical storms are not included in the ACE value.[3]

Storms

Early June Tropical Depression

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration June 9 – June 10
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

A tropical depression formed on June 9 north of Puerto Rico and headed northward to the west of Bermuda before dissipating on June 10.[1]

Tropical Depression One

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration June 11 – June 16
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

A tropical depression formed west of Jamaica on June 11 produced heavy rainfalls with record floods in several parishes for two days with maximum sustained winds of 35 mph (56 km/h). The depression continued north, parallelling the Florida coast on June 15 and made landfall in South Carolina on June 16. Tropical Depression One dissipated over land.[1] The town of Friendship recorded 32 in (810 mm) of rain with 15 in other parts of western Jamaica. Due to saturated mud from other rains, caused one of Jamaica's worst natural disaster in the 70s. Over 210,000 people were affected by floods on June 12 alone causing for major damage.[4] Economic damages totalled out to $27 million (1979 USD-$75 million in 2006 USD) with forty people killed.[1][5]

The flooding in western Jamaica from Tropical Depression One devastated the area and caused the government to establish a permanent disaster management organization.[6]

Tropical Storm Ana

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration June 19 – June 24
Intensity 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min),  1005 mbar (hPa)

Ana formed as the third tropical depression east of the Lesser Antilles on June 19. She was one of the first tropical storms to develop that far east during the month of June since the 1933 Atlantic hurricane season.[7] The depression curved gently northwest and strengthened into Tropical Storm Ana while 100 miles (160 km) northeast of Barbados on June 22. Ana crossed the Leeward Islands and weakened into a tropical depression. The storm degenerated the next morning in the central Caribbean Sea.[7]

Early July Tropical Depression

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration July 8 – July 13
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

A tropical Depression formed north of Hispaniola on July 8. The depression moved nearby Bermuda with no ill effects. The tropical depression then curved northeast, and dissipated on July 13 in the open Atlantic.

Hurricane Bob

Category 1 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration July 9 – July 13
Intensity 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min),  986 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Bob (1979)

Bob was a weak hurricane that formed in the western Gulf of Mexico and curved northeast. The storm strengthened rapidly, reaching hurricane strength a couple hundred miles south of the Louisiana coast on July 11. It made landfall near Dulac, Louisiana later that day, killing two people and causing $20 million ($55.56 million in 2006 USD) in damages.[1] Bob dropped 3-5 inches of rain over southern Indiana before moving south through the mid-Atlantic states and out into the Atlantic Ocean.[8] The storm finally dissipated on July 16.

Bob was the first July hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico since Hurricane Debra in the 1959 season[8] as well as the first North Atlantic tropical cyclone to have a male name from the new alternating male-female lists.[9]

Mid July Tropical Depression

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration July 9 – July 11
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

This depression formed in the deep tropics of the Atlantic ocean on July 9. The system slightly accelerated while moving due west along the 10th parallel north and dissipated on July 11 to the northeast of South America.[1]

Tropical Depression Four

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration July 10 – July 13
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

A tropical depression formed offshore the Georgia coast on July 10. The system moved north of due east with slight intensification on July 11. The system turned east, passing south of Bermuda early on the morning of July 13 while accelerating eastward, with the system dissipating that afternoon.[10]

Tropical Storm Claudette

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration July 16 – July 26
Intensity 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min),  997 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Storm Claudette (1979)

Claudette was a long-lived but fairly weak storm that spent almost its entire life as a tropical depression or tropical wave. Claudette formed in the central Atlantic east of the Windward Islands. It had two spells as a tropical storm; the first was a brief one east of Puerto Rico. The storm passed directly over the island just after weakening, where it killed one person from flooding. The depression moved slowly through the Greater Antilles before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico. Claudette restrengthened into a tropical storm south of Sabine Pass, Texas and made landfall near Port Arthur, killing one person from floods. The storm stalled over Alvin, Texas on the evening of July 25 and dropped 45 inches (1,100 mm) of rain there over the next 42 hours; this included 43 inches (1,100 mm) in 24 hours, the highest 24-hour rainfall amount in United States history. Damages from flooding in Texas were significant, totaling $400 million (1979 USD).[1]

Late July Tropical Depression

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration July 20 – July 26
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

A tropical depression formed offshore western Africa on July 20. The system moved westward through the Cape Verde Islands as a weak system on July 22. The system turned west-northwest, peaking in strength on July 24 when it gained some central convection. By late on July 25, the depression began to weaken as it turned more to the north, and the system dissipated well to the east-southeast of Bermuda on July 26.[10]

Tropical Depression Six

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration July 28 – August 6
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

The tenth tropical depression of the 1979 season formed on July 28 south of where Tropical Depression Nine formed a week before. The depression moved to the northwest, making landfall as a tropical depression in Bermuda on August 4. The depression made landfall on the southeastern tip of Newfoundland on August 5 after passing southeast of Nova Scotia earlier that morning. Tropical Depression Six became an extratropical cyclone on August 6 southeast of Labrador, and crossed the north Atlantic ocean, moving across northwest Europe on August 8 through August 11 before turning northward towards the North Pole while dissipating.[1][10]

Hurricane David

Category 5 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration August 25 – September 6
Intensity 175 mph (280 km/h) (1-min),  924 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane David

David ranks as one of the strongest and deadliest Atlantic hurricanes on record. It formed from a tropical wave in the central Atlantic east of the Windward Islands. The storm headed west, steadily strengthening. By the time David reached the Leeward Islands, it was at Category 4 intensity. David continued strengthening and reached Category 5 status south of Puerto Rico. It spent nearly two days at Category 5 intensity, storming through Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. Crossing Hispaniola weakened the storm greatly however, and David exited the island as a weak Category 1. It strengthened into a Category 2 off the south Florida coast.

The western eyewall crossed the shoreline near Fort Lauderdale and continued up the entire length of the coast of eastern North America. After transitioning to an extratropical cyclone, David intensified once more as it crossed the far north Atlantic, clipping northwestern Iceland before moving eastward well north of the Faroe Islands on September 10.[10] The beach erosion was severe. David killed over 2,000 people in Hispaniola, 56 people on the island of Dominica, and 12 people in the U.S. as well as causing $1.54 billion (1979 USD) in damage.[11]

David was only one of two storms to directly impact the Dominican Republic at such intensity, the only other being the Hurricane 2 of 1930.[11]

Tropical Depression Eight

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration August 25 – August 28
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

A tropical depression formed in the Bay of Campeche on August 25. Moving generally northwest, the depression moved into Mexico south of Brownsville, Texas late on August 27, and dissipated inland during the morning of August 28.[10] In Brownsville, Texas, rainfall accumulations totaled to 2.83 inches (72 mm) on August 27, which was a record amount of precipitation for that date.[12]

Hurricane Frederic

Category 4 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration August 29 – September 14
Intensity 135 mph (215 km/h) (1-min),  943 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Frederic

Frederic was a long-lived Cape Verde-type hurricane. It first became a hurricane in the central Atlantic east of the Windward Islands but soon weakened back into a tropical storm. Frederic crossed Hispaniola and weakened into a tropical depression. Frederic then crossed Cuba and regained tropical storm strength before entering the Gulf of Mexico. It was then that Frederic started to strengthen rapidly. By the time it reached a point just east of the Mississippi River Delta, Frederic was a Category 4. It made landfall near the Alabama/Mississippi border, just to the west of Mobile, Alabama. Due to prior warning, the death toll was a minimal five people; however, damages soared to $2.3 billion (1979 dollars) in damage.

Late August Tropical Depression

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration August 29 – September 1
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

A tropical depression formed offshore the coast of the Carolinas on August 29. The system quickly moved east-northeast between the East coast North America and Bermuda over the next couple days. The depression became a frontal wave southeast of Newfoundland on September 1, and dissipated soon afterward.[1]

Tropical Storm Elena

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration August 30 – September 2
Intensity 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min),  1004 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Storm Elena (1979)

A weak tropical wave formed over Florida on August 27, however on August 29, ship and buoy reports mentioned a low-level circulation forming.[13] An Air Force reconnaissance flight confirmed the report and was upgraded into Tropical Depression Six on the same day. Slow development occurred causing the depression to gain strength slowly, however by the next day, it was able to strengthen into Tropical Storm Elena.[13] Elena did not intensify, peaking with maximum sustained winds of 40 mph with a pressure of 1,004.0 millibars (29.65 inHg). Elena turned toward the Texas coast near Matagorda Bay, spawning watches and warnings and made landfall on September 1 as a weak tropical storm. Elena weakened below tropical depression criteria by the next day.[13] Elena caused less than $10 million dollars (1979 USD) ($28 million 2005 USD) in damage but managed to kill two people in floods.[1]

Early September Tropical Depression

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration September 1 – September 6
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

A tropical depression formed northeast of the Cape Verde Islands on September 1. The depression moved west-northwest before recurving sharply just east of the 40th meridian west on September 4. Steadily weakening thereafter over cool waters, the depression dissipated southeast of the Azores on September 6.[10]

Hurricane Gloria

Category 2 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration September 4 – September 15
Intensity 100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min),  975 mbar (hPa)

Hurricane Gloria began as a large African disturbance and became Tropical Depression Seventeen on September 4 off the northwestern African coast.[14] As common with early September, Tropical Depression Seventeen took a northwesterly direction, passing to the northeast of Cape Verde. The northwesterly course was influenced by the depression's large size. On September 6, the depression became Tropical Storm Gloria and reached hurricane strength the next day. After becoming a hurricane, Gloria slowed down to just about 15 mph (24 km/h) to the northwest until September 10.[14] However, rising pressures caused Gloria to go in a westerly drift for a few days. Rapid acceleration to the northeast occurred with satellites indicating that Gloria had reached her peak intensity of 105 mph (169 km/h) on September 13 with a minimum pressure of 975 mbar. Gloria merged with a low-pressure system on September 15 and lost tropical characteristics.[14]

Gloria did not affect landmasses and was only a threat to marine interests.[14]

Hurricane Henri

Category 1 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration September 15 – September 22
Intensity 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min),  983 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Henri (1979)

Henri was a weak hurricane that took an unusual track through the Gulf of Mexico. It formed as a tropical depression off Cancún and curved around the peninsula, entering the Bay of Campeche. Henri quickly strengthened into a tropical storm and reached hurricane strength on September 17. It soon weakened back to a tropical storm and stalled off Tampico, Mexico. Henri then doubled back the way it came, weakened into a tropical depression, and curved sharply east into the open Gulf of Mexico, dissipating in the eastern Gulf. No damage was reported. This was a rare example of a storm entering the Gulf of Mexico and dissipating without making landfall.[1]

Tropical Depression Thirteen

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration September 16 – September 20
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

This tropical depression formed in the tropical Atlantic as a low pressure area southwest of the Cape Verde Islands on September 15. It became a tropical depression on September 16, moving northwestward. Once it passed the 50th meridian west, the system turned northward and passed between Bermuda and the Azores. Turning northeast on September 20, the system became an extratropical cyclone, passing northwest of the Azores before dissipating on September 21.[10]

Mid September Tropical Depression

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration September 19 – September 21
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  1000 mbar (hPa)

This system formed as a non-tropical low within a pre-existing area of heavy thunderstorms along a stationary front during the evening of September 19 off the coast of Brownsville, Texas. The low appeared to the northwest of Tropical Storm Henri in the Gulf of Mexico and to the east of a cold-core low over Arizona and New Mexico. The low became a non-tropical gale center on the morning of September 20, as it moved into southeast Texas. The cyclone continued northeastward and dissipating as it entered Tennessee. The depression left 10 inches (250 mm) to 15 inches (380 mm) of rainfall throughout the area from Corpus Christi, Texas to southwestern Louisiana. Heavy rainfall spread northeast towards the Mississippi, Ohio, and Tennessee river valleys.[15][1]

Late September Tropical Depression

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration September 21 – September 24
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

A tropical depression formed in the tropical north Atlantic east of the Lesser Antilles on September 21. The system moved northwest over the next few days, staying well east of the Leeward Islands, before dissipating on September 24.[1]

Tropical Depression Fourteen

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration October 12 – October 20
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

A tropical depression formed on October 12 near Honduras and moved to the northeast towards Cuba. The depression passed by Cuba and turned back towards the Yucatan Peninsula. The depression made landfall in the Yucatan on October 20 and dissipated afterwards.[1]

Late October Atlantic Tropical Depression

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration October 22 – October 28
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

A tropical depression formed in the eastern tropical Atlantic on October 22. The depression moved northwest over the next six days, dissipating on October 28 to the southwest of the Azores.[1]

Subtropical Storm One

Subtropical storm (SSHS)
Duration October 23 – October 25
Intensity 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min),  980 mbar (hPa)

Subtropical Storm One formed south of Bermuda on October 23 and headed north. The subtropical depression grazed Bermuda and became a subtropical storm. This unnamed storm continued north and continued to strengthen. The storm briefly reached hurricane strength (though it was not a hurricane at the time because it was not tropical) before weakening. The storm made landfall on Newfoundland on October 25 and dissipated later that day. No damage was reported.[1] Rainfall spread across Atlantic Canada, peaking at 2.91 in (74 mm) on northeastern Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia.[16]

Late October Caribbean Tropical Depression

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration October 24 – October 29
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

The twenty-fifth tropical depression of the 1979 season formed near Panama on October 24. The depression moved to the north towards Cuba but changed directions and headed towards Nicaragua, where it made landfall on October 29, dissipating over land.[1]

Subtropical Depression Fifteen

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration November 7 – November 10
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

This subtropical depression formed from an old weather front, or baroclinic zone, on November 6 near Puerto Rico. The depression moved northeastward but appeared to have made contact with the westerlies, as it turned off to the east-northeast. Ships that passed through the system recorded winds of 35-40 mph. The system degenerated to a low pressure area and dissipated on early on November 10.[1][10]

Mid November Tropical Depression

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration November 13 – November 15
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  Unknown

This tropical depression formed northeast of the Greater Antilles along a frontal zone on November 13. The depression completed a quick recurvature over the next couple days, dissipating as a tropical cyclone on November 15.[1]

Storm names

The following names were used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1979. This season marked the debut of the current set of six lists containing both male and female names, replacing the ten-year set of female name lists introduced in 1971; this was due to protests from women's rights groups. Unisex names were considered, though prior to the start of the season the World Meteorological Organization approved of the current list alternating between male and female names of English, Spanish, and French origin.[17] Initially, male names were scheduled to be introduced in the 1981 season.[18] Storms were named Ana, Bob, Claudette, David, Frederic and Henri for the first time in 1979. The name Elena was previously used in the 1965 season, and the name Gloria was used in 1976. The names not retired from this list were used again in the 1985 season. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.

  • Henri
  • Isabel (unused)
  • Juan (unused)
  • Kate (unused)
  • Larry (unused)
  • Mindy (unused)
  • Nicholas (unused)
  • Odette (unused)
  • Peter (unused)
  • Rose (unused)
  • Sam (unused)
  • Teresa (unused)
  • Victor (unused)
  • Wanda (unused)

Retirement

See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

The World Meteorological Organization retired two names in the spring of 1980: David and Frederic. They were replaced in the 1985 season by Danny and Fabian.

Season effects

This is a table of the storms in 1979 and their landfall(s), if any. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but are still storm-related. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical or a wave or low.

Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
1979 North Atlantic tropical cyclone statistics
Storm
name		 Dates active Storm category

at peak intensity

 Max
wind

(mph)

 Min.
press.
(mbar)		 Landfall(s) Damage
(millions
USD)		 Deaths
Where When Wind

(mph)
Early June TD Unknown Tropical depression 35 Unknown none none 0 
One June 11 – June 16 Tropical depression 35 Unknown Jamaica June 11 30 27 40 
South Carolina June 15 35
Ana June 19 – June 24 Tropical storm 60 1005 Leeward Islands (Direct hit, no landfall) June 23 60 none 0 
Early July TD Unknown Tropical depression 35 1004 none none 0 
Bob July 9 – July 13 Category 1 hurricane 75 986 Dulac, Louisiana July 11 75 20 1 
Mid July TD Unknown Tropical depression 35 none none 0 
Four July 10 – July 13 Tropical depression 35 1009 none
Claudette July 16 – July 29 Tropical storm 50 1003 Leeward Islands (Direct hit, no landfall) July 16 50 400 2 
Puerto Rico July 17 35
Dominican Republic July 17 30
Isle of Youth, Cuba July 20 30
Cuba July 20 30
Port Arthur, Texas July 24 60
Late July TD July 20 – July 26 Tropical depression 35 Unknown none none 0 
Six July 28 – August 6 Tropical depression 35 Unknown Bermuda August 4 35 none 0 
Newfoundland August 5 35
David August 25 – September 8 Category 5 hurricane 175 924 Dominica August 29 140 1,540 2,068 
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic August 31 175
Cuba September 1 75
The Bahamas September 3 100
West Palm Beach, Florida September 3 100
Savannah, Georgia September 5 75
Eight August 25 – August 28 Tropical depression 35 1006 northeast Mexico August 28 35 none 0 
Late August TD August 29 – September 1 Tropical depression 35 none none 0 
Elena August 30 – September 2 Tropical storm 40 1004 Matagorda Bay, Texas September 1 40 10 2 
Frederic August 30 – September 15 Category 4 hurricane 135 943 Leeward Islands (Direct hit, no landfall) September 4 60 2,300 5 (9) 
Puerto Rico September 5 60
Dominican Republic September 5 60
Eastern Cuba September 6 35
Western Cuba September 10 70
Dauphin Island, Alabama September 13 125
Alabama/Mississippi border September 13 125
Early September TD September 1 – September 6 Tropical depression 35 1008 none none 0 
Gloria September 4 – September 15 Category 2 hurricane 100 975 none none 0 
Henri September 15 – September 22 Category 1 hurricane 85 983 none Minimal 0 
Mid September TD September 19 – September 21 Tropical depression 35 Unknown none none 0 
Thirteen September 16 – September 20 Tropical depression 35 1008 Texas September 21 35 none 0 
Late September TD September 21 – September 24 Tropical depression 35 Unknown none none 0 
Fourteen October 12 – October 20 Tropical depression 35 1003 Yucatan Peninsula October 20 35 none 0 
Late October Atlantic TD October 22 – October 28 Tropical depression 35 Unknown none none 0 
ST One October 23 – October 25 Subtropical storm 75 980 Newfoundland October 25 45 none 0 
Late October Caribbean TD October 24 – October 29 Tropical depression 35 Unknown Nicaragua October 29 35 none 0 
Fifteen November 6 – November 10 Tropical depression 35 Unknown none none 0 
Mid November TD November 13 – November 15 Tropical depression 35 Unknown none none 0 
Season Aggregates
27 cyclones June 11 – November 15   175 924 29 landfalls ~4,000 2,118

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Neil L. Frank and Gilbert Clark (July 1980). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1979". Monthly Weather Review (American Meteorological Society) 108 (7): 966–972. Bibcode 1980MWRv..108..966F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0966:ATSO>2.0.CO;2. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1979.pdf. Retrieved 2011-02-05. 
  2. ^ Hurricane Research Division (March 2011). "Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Comparison_of_Original_and_Revised_HURDAT_mar11.html. Retrieved 2011-07-23. 
  3. ^ David Levinson (2008-08-20). "2005 Atlantic Ocean Tropical Cyclones". National Climatic Data Center. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2005/2005-atlantic-trop-cyclones.html. Retrieved 2011-07-23. 
  4. ^ EM-DAT's Jamaica Page
  5. ^ Ronald Jackson (2005-01-25). "Managing Natural Hazards in Jamaica". Internet Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 2008-05-15. http://web.archive.org/web/20080515211330/http://www.odpem.org.jm/articles/articles/2_23_2005190.asp. Retrieved 2011-02-05. 
  6. ^ Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (2008-07-23). "Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management". Internet Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 2008-07-23. http://web.archive.org/web/20080723004023/http://www.odpem.org.jm/about_us/index.html. Retrieved 2011-02-05. 
  7. ^ a b Tropical Storm Ana Preliminary Report
  8. ^ a b Hurricane Bob Preliminary Report
  9. ^ National Hurricane Center (2010). "Worldwide Tropical Cyclone Names". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames.shtml. Retrieved 2011-02-05. 
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h David M. Roth (2011). "CLIQR Database". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/ebtrk_nhc_final.txt. Retrieved 2011-02-05. 
  11. ^ a b Hurricane David Preliminary Report
  12. ^ "History for Brownsville, TX". Weather Underground. http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/KBRO/1979/8/27/DailyHistory.html. Retrieved 2011-12-06. 
  13. ^ a b c Tropical Storm Elena Preliminary Report
  14. ^ a b c d Hurricane Gloria Preliminary Report
  15. ^ Lance F. Bosart (June 1984). "The Texas Coastal Rainstorm of 17–21 September 1979: An Example of Synoptic-Mesoscale Interaction". Monthly Weather Review 112 (6): 1111–1128. Bibcode 1984MWRv..112.1108B. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<1108:TTCROS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493%281984%29112%3C1108%3ATTCROS%3E2.0.CO%3B2. 
  16. ^ Canadian Hurricane Centre (2010-09-14). "1979-Subtrop 1". http://www.ec.gc.ca/Hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=FA06F7D8-1. Retrieved 2010-11-01. 
  17. ^ National Geographic News Service (1979-07-24). "His and hur-ricane season comes East for first time". http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=26536674_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=0&currentPage=0. Retrieved 2007-12-01. 
  18. ^ Associated Press (1978-05-31). "Hedge Bets on Hurricanes". http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=106090245_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=1&currentPage=0. Retrieved 2007-12-01. 

External links

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